xylitol
Xylitol triggers a massive insulin release in dogs, causing acute hypoglycemia and liver failure — even small amounts can be fatal. Cats appear different: a small 2018 study (6 cats) found no hypoglycemia or liver enzyme changes at high doses, but the sample was tiny, so xylitol-containing human foods are still not recommended for cats, and must be kept away from dogs.
Other common names: 木糖醇, xylit, birch sugar, キシリトール
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Sources: ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center, FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine, veterinary literature.
For reference only, not medical advice. If poisoning is suspected, seek veterinary care immediately.